Vintage black and white photograph of a crowded market auction with buyers raising money, symbolising traditional monetary claims and exchange

E-Money vs. Crypto: From Contractual Claim to Statutory Redemption Rights

  • January 1, 2026
  • 574 views
  • 6 minute read
Under EMD2, e-money holders possess contractual claims arising from account agreements. MiCAR introduces a fundamentally different architecture for e-money tokens: a legal right to reimbursement that exists by operation of law, regardless of whether the holder ever contracted with the issuer. This essay examines Case C-661/22 and Article 49 MiCAR to explain why this distinction matters.
Hands holding an open leather wallet with banknotes and a personal photograph, symbolising direct control over assets without third-party intermediaries—the physical equivalent of a self-hosted crypto wallet.

Self-hosted wallets under EU Law: Compliance through Intermediation

  • January 1, 2026
  • 2.6K views
  • 14 minute read
The Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation sets licensing rules for crypto-asset service providers, but it doesn't say what happens when these middlemen deal with self-hosted wallets. The Transfer of Funds Regulation, also known as Regulation 2023/1113, answers this question about information that goes along with transfers of money and some crypto-assets. This essay looks at how the TFR sets up a framework of stricter due diligence instead of a ban. For transactions over € 1.000, it requires CASPs to check wallet ownership and add blockchain monitoring capabilities. It follows the EBA's Travel Rule Guidelines, the person-to-person exclusion in Article 2(4), and the Commission's job in Article 37 to figure out if more restrictions are needed by June 2026. As self-hosted wallets turn into gated endpoints instead of alternative pathways, lawyers and compliance experts all over Europe need to know how this framework changes the line between regulated intermediation and self-custody.
Office of Citizen Protection (From the Cold): A regulatory sweater for EUR stablecoins under MiCAR.

EUR Stablecoins and MiCAR: A Critical Assessment of the EU’s Regulatory Architecture

  • December 30, 2025
  • 1.6K views
  • 25 minute read
The Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) represents the European Union's response to regulate multiple categories of digital assets across different scenarios of use. While MiCAR addresses crypto-assets broadly, this essay focusses specifically on its treatment of stablecoins, with particular emphasis on E-Money Tokens (EMTs); crypto assets that maintain stable value by linking themselves to a single traditional currency via distributed ledger technology. The essay traces how the concept has developed from traditional electronic money under Directive 2009/110/EC to a specialised EMT regime. The essay also follows the authorisation requirements and reserve obligations imposed on issuers. Lastly, evaluates the practical implications of the regulation's full application since December 2024. As EUR-backed stablecoins move from being niche instruments to regulated parts of the EU, lawyers and fintech experts in Cyprus and all over Europe need to know how this framework works.

Modernizing Marriage Dissolution: Consensual Divorce in Cyprus

  • December 2, 2025
  • 372 views
  • 4 minute read
This article examines the recent introduction of consensual divorce in Cyprus, a significant modernization of family law that allows couples to mutually agree on ending their marriage. Implemented in December 2022, this new provision streamlines the divorce process, potentially reducing emotional and financial stress. The article discusses the key features of consensual divorce, including the reduced waiting period and the emphasis on child welfare. It also explores the implications for legal practitioners and the broader impact on Cyprus's alignment with international family law trends.
Branding image of the Law Office of Panayotis Yannakas, featuring a pen and notebook symbolizing legal writing and innovation

Clients Cloud Portal for My Law Office

  • September 28, 2025
  • 1.5K views
  • 2 minute read
Meet the Clients Cloud Portal. Υour encrypted workspace for exchanging large files, court bundles, and evidence without email limits. Self-register, drag-and-drop uploads, and get notifications when new documents arrive. Permissions keep access restricted; an activity record preserves the audit trail. Built on HTTPS/TLS and consistent with legal-sector guidance on secure communications.
Close-up of a visa page under UV light—hero image for a Cyprus immigration guide covering visas, residence and work permits in 2025.

Cyprus Immigration 2025: The Complete Guide to Visas, Residency, and Work Permits

  • September 19, 2025
  • 11.3K views
  • 24 minute read
A practical, up-to-date guide to Cyprus immigration. We cover short-stay entry rules, national visas, residence permits (including the Single Permit/GEN), family reunification, students, investors and the EU Blue Card—plus core eligibility, documents, fees and processing times. Written for applicants, employers and advisors in 2025.

Do We Possess Our Cache Files?

  • August 19, 2025
  • 2.4K views
  • 7 minute read
The controversy over cache files in criminal law reveals a deeper challenge: should automated digital traces count as possession? From child exploitation to terrorism cases, courts struggle to balance strict liability with the principle that culpability requires knowledge and control.
Cyberpunk digital illustration of DAC7 tax directive with neon accents and futuristic circuitry.

DAC7 and the Digital Platform Economy: When Tax Transparency Meets Market Reality

  • August 17, 2025
  • 1.9K views
  • 8 minute read
The EU’s DAC7 Directive reshapes tax transparency in the platform economy. What began as targeted gig-economy oversight now extends to almost every digital marketplace transaction—rental, goods, and services alike. Platforms must collect, verify, and report seller data under complex OECD XML rules, facing cross-border inconsistencies and high compliance costs. The result: greater fiscal transparency, but also higher barriers for start-ups and unintended advantages for incumbents.
Samsung executives holding EU RED Cybersecurity Certification framed documents, depicted in cyberpunk neon style — symbolic critique of EU RED Regulation and its impact on openness and innovation

EU Radio Equipment Directive: Balancing Security and Openness

  • August 14, 2025
  • 5.3K views
  • 12 minute read
The EU’s Radio Equipment Directive has shifted from a radio-focused safety law into a full-scale cybersecurity regime. From August 1 2025, manufacturers face strict new requirements under the EN 18031 standards—transforming how connected devices handle security, privacy, and fraud prevention. But the same rules also fuel controversy over bootloader locks, innovation barriers, and conflicts with Right to Repair and platform-openness goals.
Dystopian street scene showing futuristic consent terminals outside shops with queuing frustrated people, representing how cookie consent systems became surveillance infrastructure.

The Consent Paradox: How EU Regulations Enabled Corporate Data Harvesting

  • July 21, 2025
  • 2.1K views
  • 7 minute read
The European Union's cookie consent rules & guidelines, designed to protect user privacy, have paradoxically created a sophisticated surveillance infrastructure controlled by eight to ten Consent Management Platform companies. This legal essay examines how GDPR compliance requirements enabled corporate data harvesting on an unprecedented scale, with academic studies showing 85% of consent interfaces violate basic privacy requirements while websites using professional consent systems deploy 6.9 times more tracking technologies than those with basic implementations. Rather than protecting European citizens from surveillance capitalism, these regulations have institutionalized "consent theater" that legitimizes expanded data collection under the guise of user choice.